Creative usage of the Internet, of mobile devices, and of embedded technologies for ubiquitous musical activities has also changed the relation between bodily expression, or the physical actions associated with making music, and music performance, particularly in domains such as electronic music ( Peters et al., 2012) and responsive music technologies ( Einarsson and Ziemke, 2017). The emergence of electroacoustic synthesis and processing, along with interactive digital systems, has brought new technologies to the forefront of music practices, and new genres such as electronic music and live coding have changed the shape of musicking and collaborative music creation. Traditionally, collaborative music making has predominantly been face-to-face, synchronous and interactive, with reliance on recording and production technologies for dissemination and archiving. Making music with others, or collaborative music-making, is a core aspect of human musicality ( Small, 1998). In addition, participant responses appeared to be driven by a relatively small number of underlying factors, representing approaches to musical collaboration such as musical extroversion or musical introversion, inspiration clusters such as activist musicking, and style or genre clusters. Along with confirming previous results showing increased reliance on nostalgia for musical inspiration, we found that participants' collaborative behaviors were surprisingly resilient to pandemic-related changes. This survey was followed by Zoom interviews with a subset of participants. We used an internet survey distributed to music creators, including performers, composers, producers, and engineers, all active before and during the pandemic, to assess their perceptions of how their music, collaborative practice, and use of technology were impacted by shelter-in-place orders associated with Covid-19, as well as how they adapted over the course of the pandemic. In addition, assessing changes in the collaboration networks among music creators can improve the current understanding of genre and style formation and evolution. Understanding the nature of these changes in music creators' patterns of collaboration, as well as how musicians shifted prioritizations and adapted their use of the available technologies, can offer invaluable insights into the resilience and importance of different aspects of musical collaboration. The Covid-19 pandemic severely limited collaboration among musicians in rehearsal and ensemble performance, and demanded radical shifts in collaborative practices. 3Faculty of Library, Information and Media Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.2Department of Audio Arts and Acoustics, Columbia College Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.1Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Music Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.Fram 1 *, Visda Goudarzi 2, Hiroko Terasawa 3 and Jonathan Berger 1
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